![]() ![]() 1455 was probably cut by the goldsmith Hans Dunne with the help of two others-Götz von Shlettstadt and Hans von Speyer.Ĭultural tradition ensured that German typography and type design remained true to the gothic/blackletter spirit but the parallel influence of the humanist and neo-classical typography in Italy (the first country outside of Germany with a printing press) catalyzed texture into four additional sub-styles that were distinct, structurally rich and highly disciplined: Bastarda, fraktur, rotunda, and Schwabacher. A second typeface of about 300 characters designed for the 42-line Bible c. Gutenberg employed the scribe Peter Schöffer to help design and cut the letterpunches for the first typeface-the D-K type of 202 characters used to print the first printed books in Europe. Prior printing had been done with woodblocks, but movable type was impossible due to fragility of wood at small sizes. Johannes Gutenberg, around 1450, invented a lead type mold, applied it to an alphabet of about 24 characters, and used known press technology to print ink on paper. The scribal letter known as textur or textualis, produced by the strong gothic spirit of blackletter from the hands of German area scribes, served as the model for the first text types. Handwritten letterforms of the mid-15th century calligraphy were the natural models for letterforms in systematized typography. Typography, type-founding, and typeface design began as closely related crafts in mid-15th-century Europe with the introduction of movable type printing at the junction of the medieval era and the Renaissance. In this copy the decorative colored initials were hand-lettered separately by a scribe. Medieval design roots First page of the first volume of the Gutenberg Bible, printed with an early textur typeface c. ![]() The initial spread of printing throughout Germany and Italy led to the enduring legacy and continued use of blackletter, roman, and italic types. While woodblock printing and movable type had precedents in East Asia, typography in the Western world developed after the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century. The basic elements of typography are at least as old as civilization and the earliest writing systems-a series of key developments that were eventually drawn together into one systematic craft. Modern typographers view typography as a craft with a very long history tracing its origins back to the first punches and dies used to make seals and coinage currency in ancient times.
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